[This report contains a correction.]
Market changes spurred by the 2010 Dodd-Frank law on conflict minerals have helped significantly reduce the involvement of armed groups in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (“Congo”) in the mines of three out of the four conflict minerals. The law, in addition to conflict minerals audit programs from the electronics industry and related reforms begun by African governments in the region but not yet fully implemented, has made it much less economically viable for armed groups and Congo’s army to mine tin, tantalum, and tungsten, known as the 3Ts. Minerals were previously major sources of revenue for armed groups, generating an estimated $185 million per year for armed groups and the army. However, artisanally mined gold continues to fund armed commanders. Further reforms are needed to address conflict gold and close loopholes on the other minerals.
Furthermore, initial military restructuring within Congo’s army has removed armed actors from many mines, and military operations undertaken by the Congolese army and the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade have significantly reduced the threats of powerful armed groups such as the M23 and the Allied Democratic Forces. Neutralizing these groups – two of the biggest contributors to Congo’s deadly conflict in recent years – is helping improve the situation in the areas where they operated with impunity.
Nevertheless, insecurity remains a serious challenge in several areas of eastern Congo. After 15 years of the deadly conflict minerals trade in the Kivus, the Dodd-Frank law initiated meaningful reforms in the way that international commercial actors engage with the minerals trade in eastern Congo, Rwanda, and the region, and is beginning to remove the gasoline that has helped fuel Congo’s deadly conflicts. While this has started a shift toward legal and peaceful forms of natural resource extraction for several minerals, the Congolese army and several other militias continue predatory abuses against civilian populations in the absence of the rule of law. The Kinshasa government’s significant corruption and dysfunction remain major obstacles to human security in Congo. Without reforming the security sector, militarily engaging the Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (FDLR) rebel group, introducing real anti-corruption reforms, and committing to free and fair elections, the security situation will remain unstable.
The Enough Project conducted five months of field research in eastern Congo, interviewing 220 people in 14 mines and towns, in addition to 32 interviews in the U.S. and Europe. The research revealed the following findings…
The text above is an excerpt from the full report, The Impact of Dodd-Frank and Conflict Minerals Reforms on Eastern Congo’s War. (PDF)
Correction — June 20, 2014: References to a gold dealer and refiner on pages 2 and 16 have been deleted due to factual inaccuracies. A comment from the company can be found here.
